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I'm working on drafting an office action response for 18/342,109. Read the prosecution history, pull the latest office action, review and analyze the cited arts, and tell me the top 3 strongest deficiencies in the prior art cited by the examiner that we can argue — or amend the claims around — to overcome the current rejections.
4 tools · 6.4s· showing all steps
Listing files for matter 18/342,109
18 papers on file · Non-Final OA mailed 2025-03-12 · IDS · 2 cited references attached
1.42s
Loading file Non-Final OA mailed 2025-03-12
§103 over US 10,452,978 (Vaswani) i/v US 11,042,796 (Lewis) · claims 1–14 · 9 limitations cited
1.31s
Building claim dependency graph for matter 18/342,109
9 elements · 13 dependent claims · element (c) flagged as the input-conditioned gating step
0.95s
Asking wiki about matter 18/342,109
Comparing Vaswani col. 7–9 + Lewis claims 1–4 to each claim 1 element · 3 disclosure gaps identified
2.72s
I pulled the file wrapper for 18/342,109, parsed the Non-Final OA mailed 2025-03-12, and ran an element-by-element comparison of claim 1 against the cited art.
Top 3 deficiencies in the Examiner's §103 over US 10,452,978 (Vaswani) in view of US 11,042,796 (Lewis):
1. The conditional gating step is not disclosed. Vaswani col. 8:14–23 1 shows only unconditional self-attention; Lewis claim 2 2 covers post-retrieval rerank. Neither reference teaches the input-conditioned weighting gate recited in claim 1, element (c) — the Examiner's combination assumes a feature absent from both refs.
2. Lewis is structurally incompatible with Vaswani's training loop. Lewis 2 operates on already-retrieved candidates at inference and produces gradient-blocked output; the application's pipeline runs at training time. The OA never explains how Lewis's output would back-propagate into Vaswani's encoder.
3. The combination teaches away from itself. Neither reference describes the engineering bridge the Examiner relies on — the gradient-flow conflict between Lewis's frozen rerank and Vaswani's trainable encoder means a person reading both would not naturally combine them.
Amend-around path. Narrow element (c) to “gating weight derived from a learned function of the input context” — supported by spec ¶¶ 0042–0048 3, no §132 new-matter risk.
Proposed next step · Draft the §1.111 response
1Structure rebuttal around the missing gating-step disclosure (deficiency #1)
2Distinguish Lewis on pipeline-stage + gradient-flow conflict (deficiency #2 + #3)
3Add narrowing amendment to element (c) anchored to spec ¶¶ 0042–0048
4Draft in firm voice from matter 2024-PA-0084 (won at first response, same Art Unit)
Office action response · 18/342,109×
Ask a follow-up, or paste an office action…
Cyrus 1.0
Cyrus
Drafting an OA response for 18/342,109. Read the file wrapper, pull the latest OA, analyze the cited art, and give me the top 3 deficiencies we can argue or amend around.
4 tools · 6.4s
Listing files for matter 18/342,109
18 papers · OA + IDS
1.4s
Loading Non-Final OA
§103 Vaswani i/v Lewis
1.3s
Building claim dependency graph
9 elements · 13 deps
0.9s
Asking wiki about matter
3 disclosure gaps
2.7s
Top 3 deficiencies — §103 over Vaswani i/v Lewis:
1. The conditional gating step in claim 1 element (c) is not disclosed — Vaswani col. 8:14–231 shows only unconditional self-attention; Lewis2 is post-retrieval rerank.
2. Lewis's gradient-blocked rerank can't back-propagate into Vaswani's encoder — pipeline-stage mismatch the OA never addresses.
3. Combination teaches away from itself — no engineering bridge between the two refs.
Next step · Draft §1.111 response
1Structure rebuttal around the missing gating step
2Add narrowing amendment to (c) · spec ¶¶ 0042–00483
3Draft in firm voice from matter 2024-PA-0084
OA response · 18/342,109×
Ask a follow-up…
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PTAB research · skilled-artisan recognized-benefit doctrine
5 PTAB Final Written Decisions where a skilled artisan would recognize a benefit of a proposed prior art modification even though the modification may impede a function of the primary reference, and the claim is found unpatentable as obvious. 2025–2026, preferably 2026.
Plan3 of 5 done
Searching IPR (PTAB) for skilled-artisan recognized-benefit doctrine
Filtered to FWDs in 2025–2026 with claims found unpatentable as obvious · 247 candidates
Verifying 247 IPR candidates against query
Narrowed to 18 FWDs where Patent Owner argued the modification would impede a function
Reading IPR documents for Board's benefit-recognition framing
Biofrontera v. Sun Pharma — IPR2024-01312 · ’028 patent · all challenged claims unpatentable2026-02-23
Imperative Care v. INARI Medical — IPR2024-01157 · ’011 patent · all challenged claims unpatentable2026-01-16
Solaris Oilfield v. Masaba — IPR2024-01179 · ’689 patent · claims 1–25 cancelled2026-01-26
FOX Factory v. SRAM — IPR2024-00492 · ’207 patent · claims 1–3, 7, 8, 10–12 unpatentable2025-08-04
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Cyrus · agentic IP partner
Plan-first agent for patent prosecution
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Final OA on 18/342,109 just dropped — §103 rejection over Lee + Tanaka + Chen, claims 1–5. I have seven days. Read all three refs, chart each combination, find which arguments survived in my prior §103 responses, and draft an amendment + response in my voice.
Every US patent. Every publication. Every cited paper.
US10452978B2Claim 1
Google LLC · Vaswani
0.94
US11138392B2Abstract
Google · Macherey
0.89
US10789529B2Claim 4
Microsoft · Zhang
0.83
US11232358B1Spec ¶42
Amazon · Kolesnikov
0.78
US11042796B2Claim 2
Meta · Lewis
0.71
US10963493B1Claim 1
Salesforce · Socher
0.62
MPEP · canonical patent doctrine
The MPEP at your fingertips — verified, current
Patent procedure, citation-grounded.
When is a claim limitation interpreted as means-plus-function under § 112(f), and how do I avoid invoking it inadvertently?
Apply the three-prong test from MPEP § 2181.I (post-Williamson):
Nonce term. The claim uses "means" or a non-structural placeholder — "module," "mechanism," "element," "unit," "device for."
Functional language. The term is modified by functional language, typically introduced by "for" or "configured to."
Insufficient structure. The claim itself does not recite sufficient structure or material to perform the claimed function.
If all three are met, § 112(f) is invoked and the claim is construed to cover only the corresponding structure disclosed in the specification plus equivalents (MPEP § 2181.II). To avoid invocation, use structural terms — "processor," "circuitry," "memory storing instructions to" — rather than functional placeholders.
Williamson v. Citrix Online, LLC, 792 F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (en banc) CAFC overruled the strong presumption that absence of "means" avoids § 112(f).
IPR · post-grant agent
Win institution before you file
PTAB-grade petition and response work.
#194%All UnpatentableComp. Arch.
IPR2024-00345
Acme Networks v. Quantum Labs
#287%All SurviveNetworking
IPR2024-00891
Sentinel Imaging v. Helix Bio
#381%Mixed FWDBiotech
IPR2023-01124
Northwind Energy v. Arclight Robotics
CAFC · Federal Circuit precedent
Find the case that decides yours
18k+ Federal Circuit opinions, indexed.
Phillips v. AWH Corp.
415 F.3d 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2005)
Claim construction · cited ~4,200 times
Markman v. Westview
52 F.3d 967 (Fed. Cir. 1995)
Construction is a question of law · ~8,400 cites
Vitronics Corp. v. Conceptronic
90 F.3d 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1996)
Intrinsic-evidence hierarchy · ~3,100 cites
Innova/Pure Water v. Safari
381 F.3d 1111 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
POSITA-at-filing rule · ~1,800 cites
Texas Digital v. Telegenix
308 F.3d 1193 (Fed. Cir. 2002)
Dictionaries as fallback (limited by Phillips)
Notes · semantic search over your archive
Find what you've written before
Every claim, plan, and brief you've drafted, one query away.
antecedent basis fix for claim term first introduced in a dep claim3 hits
§112(b) antecedent-basis fixplan
… reframe “the said modulator” as “the modulator of claim 1” when the term is first introduced in a dependent claim to cure antecedent-basis indefiniteness …
edited 9 days agoMPEP § 2173Williamson v. Citrix
Response to OA — claim 14 indefinitenessbrief
… Applicant respectfully traverses the rejection. The term “control signal” finds antecedent basis in dependent claim 14, which depends from independent claim 1 reciting a signal generator …
edited 6 wk agoMatter 2024-PA-0079
Claim 1 — adaptive controller (rev. 3)claim
… 14. The controller of claim 1, further comprising a feedback path coupled to the modulator, the feedback path configured to adjust a control signal based on …
edited 4 mo agoApp 17/998,341
Cyrus · capabilities
Six jobs Cyrus does end-to-end.
Each grounded in a different combination of the platform's tools. Each verified, sourced, and signable.
Searches prior art exhaustively
Every US patent and publication, foreign equivalents, and peer-reviewed scientific literature — ranked by §102 anticipation and §103 obviousness relevance.
Machine learning models for translation prediction
US 10,789,529 · MS
Neural info retrieval with dynamic re-weighting
US 11,232,358 · Amazon
Graph-attention retrieval over citation networks
US 11,042,796 · Meta
Multi-stage reranking using cross-encoder scores
US 10,963,493 · Salesforce
Adaptive passage scoring with session-level prior
Drafts patent applications
Reads invention disclosures, drafts the spec, generates dependent claim trees — every limitation traceable.
Claim 1 · Independent
A retrieval system comprising an encoder neural network configured to receive an input sequence and a dynamic clause-weighting gate…
Claim 2 · Dependent
The system of claim 1, wherein the encoder neural network includes a transformer block configured to apply multi-head self-attention.
Claim 3 · Dependent
The system of claim 1, wherein the dynamic clause-weighting gate selects salient sub-sequences via a learned scoring function.
Responds to Office Actions
§101 / 102 / 103 / 112 rejections with cited responses and claim amendments.
Examiner · §103
Claim 1 obvious over Vaswani in view of Lewis…
Cyrus · TSM rebuttal
Vaswani discloses unconditional self-attention; lacks the dynamic clause-weighting gate. Per MPEP §2143.01…
Amendment · claim 1
Add “wherein the gate weighting is conditioned on a learned query embedding” to traverse §103 obviousness.
Auto-judge claim elements against the corpus
Decompose claim 1 into its elements, run top-K retrieval per element, then judge each candidate teaches / lacks / partial — with shimmer while judging and reject-flash when an element fails.
Claim 1 element
US 10,452,978 (Vaswani)
US 11,042,796 (Meta)
US 10,789,529 (MS)
encoder neural network with stacked self-attention
Teaches¶0034
Partial¶0019
Lacks
decoder masked-attention sublayer
Teaches¶0041
Lacks
Lacks
cross-attention between encoder + decoder
Teaches¶0047
Partialclaim 3
Lacks
positional encoding of input sequence
Teaches¶0052
Teaches¶0018
Partial
dynamic clause-weighting gate at retrieval time
Judging…
Partialclaim 2
Lacks
Runs FTO clearances
Maps the landscape around your product, identifies risk, surfaces design-arounds.
IPR2024-00345Patent Owner Response due in 7 daysdeadlinereminder sent
IPR2024-00210Petitioner Reply filed14 min agosynced to vault
17/998,341IDS deadline in 3 daysdeadlinereminder sent
NotificationsPushEmail
The prior art module
Every US patent, and publication.
Grants and application by claims, abstract, detailed description, background, CPC. Search in natural language, filter by date and technology area, and every response is grounded in the exact passage of the cited document.
[1a]an encoder neural network configured to receive an input sequence comprising a plurality of tokens
Query: encoder neural network receive input sequence of tokens
●Strong coverageAuto-judge: complete 3 / 3
TeachesPDF
US10452978B2
an encoder neural network configured to receive the input sequence and to process the input sequence to generate a respective encoded representation
TeachesPDF
US11138392B2
wherein the encoder neural network comprises a stack of self-attention layers processing the token sequence
PartialPDF
US10726784B2
the encoder receives a sequence of input embeddings, each embedding corresponding to a token in the input
[1b]a self-attention sub-layer applying multi-head attention over the encoded representations
Query: multi-head self-attention over encoded representations
●Strong coverageAuto-judge: running 1 / 3
TeachesPDF
US10452978B2
applying a self-attention mechanism over the input sequence to compute, for each position, a weighted combination of values derived from the entire sequence
US10719587B2
[Claim 5]
the attention layer comprises multiple parallel attention heads, each computing scaled dot-product attention over the input...
●0.87
US20210073644A1
[Spec ¶ 0042]
in some embodiments, a plurality of attention heads operate in parallel on the encoded sequence...
●0.76
[1c]a learned weighting gate conditioned on the input sequence and applied prior to the softmax normalization
Query: learned weighting gate input-conditioned before softmax
●Moderate coverageAuto-judge: 1 / 3 validated
PartialPDF
US10789529B2
a learned weighting gate adjusts retrieval scores conditioned on the input query context, applied before softmax normalization
US11042796B2
[Claim 7]
a re-ranking component configured to re-score the retrieved passages using a cross-encoder before generation
●0.71
US20210073644A1
[Spec ¶ 0042]
the gating function comprises a learned linear projection of the input context, followed by a sigmoid non-linearity...
●0.78
[1d]a decoder neural network applying cross-attention over the encoder outputs to autoregressively generate an output sequence
a decoder neural network applying multi-head attention with a learned per-head temperature parameter over the encoder outputs
PartialPDF
US10452978B2
the decoder autoregressively generates each output position conditioned on previously generated outputs and the encoder representations
US10726784B2
[Spec ¶ 0089]
the decoder layer attends to encoder outputs via a cross-attention sub-layer interleaved with masked self-attention...
●0.79
[1e]wherein the system generates the output sequence based on the weighted combinations from the self-attention sub-layer
Query: generate output sequence from weighted attention combinations
●Moderate coverageAuto-judge: 1 / 3 validated
US20220198250A1
[Spec ¶ 0089]
the disclosed graph-attention retrieval engine traverses a citation network to score candidate prior-art documents...
●0.66
PartialPDF
US10452978B2
producing an output sequence based on the weighted combinations from the self-attention layer applied to the encoded representations
US11042796B2
[Claim 1]
generating a response using a retrieval-augmented generator conditioned on retrieved passages from a corpus
●0.69
●Validated●Judging●Rejected●Preview
app.mpepai.com/ipr
IPR · PTAB search
skilled artisan recognized benefit + modification impedes function⌘ K
FiltersOutcome · All Unpatentable, Mixed FWD ×Grounds · § 103 ×FWD date · 2025–2026 ×
5 cases · sorted by relevance Sort: Relevance ↓
#194%
IPR2024-01230
U.S. Pat. 10,690,336
Thermaltake Technologyv.Chen, Chien-Hao
Filed Sep 2024 · FWD Feb 17, 2026
§ 103 · Echazarreta i/v Lai/Hasegawa
Claims 1–5 unpatentable as obvious
All UnpatentableSemiconductorsIPR52 docs
#291%
IPR2024-01312
U.S. Pat. 11,697,028
Biofrontera Inc.v.Sun Pharma Indus.
Filed Oct 2024 · FWD Feb 23, 2026
§ 103 · Lundahl i/v Larsen
All challenged claims unpatentable
All UnpatentableBiotechIPR47 docs
#388%
IPR2024-01157
U.S. Pat. 11,697,011
Imperative Carev.INARI Medical
Filed Jul 2024 · FWD Jan 16, 2026
§ 103 · Schaffer + secondary refs
All challenged claims unpatentable
All UnpatentableMedical DeviceIPR39 docs
#485%
IPR2024-01179
U.S. Pat. 11,780,689
Solaris Oilfieldv.Masaba
Filed Aug 2024 · FWD Jan 26, 2026
§ 103 · cites Corephotonics tradeoff doctrine
Claims 1–25 cancelled
All UnpatentableMech. Eng.IPR36 docs
#582%
IPR2024-00492
U.S. Pat. 7,147,207
FOX Factoryv.SRAM
Filed Feb 2024 · FWD Aug 4, 2025
§ 103 · Yi i/v JP’279
Claims 1–3, 7, 8, 10–12 unpatentable
Mixed FWDMech. Eng.IPR44 docs
The IPR module
Every PTAB case, searchable.
Every Final Written Decisions, citation-grounded. Filter by tech area, outcome, statutory grounds, and APJ panel — every holding traceable to the exact passage in the FWD PDF.
Drop an office action PDF, invention disclosure, or PTAB petition. Cyrus reads it, decomposes the claims, and ships back Word, PowerPoint, and PDF — formatted for filing.
14 elements × 2 references · element-by-element grid
PDF
IDS-PTO-SB-08.pdf
PTO/SB/08 · 14 references · ready for EFS-Web
Cyrus · intakeextracting
PDF
OA-18-342-109.pdf
14 pages · non-final OA
82%
Detected §103 over Vaswani i/v Lewis
Decomposed claim 1 into 14 elements
Cross-referencing claim mapping table
Ready to file · 3 outputs
Response package
App 18/342,109 · firm voice from matter 2024-PA-0084
DOCX
response-§103.docx
7 pages · Graham + KSR
PPTX
claim-chart-1.pptx
14 elements × 2 refs
PDF
IDS-PTO-SB-08.pdf
PTO/SB/08 · EFS-Web ready
US 11,887,367 — Claims.docx
Specification
Claims
Listing of Claims
U.S. Patent No. 11,887,367 B1 · Using Machine Learning to Train and Use a Model to Perform Automatic Interface Actions Based on Video and Input Datasets · Baker et al., OpenAI Opco LLC · Reissue draft under 37 C.F.R. § 1.173
1.(Original)
A method for training a machine learning model to perform automated actions, comprising:receiving unlabeled digital video data;generating pseudo-labels for the unlabeled digital video data, the generating comprising: receiving labeled digital video data; training a first machine learning model including an inverse dynamics model (IDM) using the labeled digital video data; and generating at least one pseudo-label for the unlabeled digital video data, wherein the at least one pseudo-label is based on a prediction, generated by the IDM, of one or more actions that mimic at least one timestep of the unlabeled digital video data, and the prediction of the one or more actions is generated based on a non-causal combination of past information and future information within the unlabeled digital video data, the past and future information being relative to one or more reference frames within the unlabeled digital video data;adding the at least one pseudo-label to the unlabeled digital video data to form pseudo-labeled digital video data; andfurther training the first machine learning model or a second machine learning model using the pseudo-labeled digital video data to generate at least one additional pseudo-label for the unlabeled digital video.
2.(Currently amended)
The method of claim 1, wherein the IDM or machine learning model is trained to generate one or more predicted actions to be performed via a graphical user-interface overlay rendered atop a live application windowTab ↹without invoking an operating-system input event on the host machine.wherein the overlay is generated by a second neural network distinct from the IDM.and refreshed at a rate exceeding sixty frames per second.
Style preservation
Drafting that reads like you wrote it.
Cyrus learns your firm's signature phrasings, claim structure, and citation conventions. Press Tab to accept — the next phrase appears before you finish typing.
Built for the way IP firms actually work.
Search the data that wins your case.
Every canonical corpus pre-indexed with frontier embedding models — exact-passage semantic match across MPEP, PTAB, CAFC, the full US patent corpus, and peer-reviewed papers. Competitors fall back to web search; we mathematically reach the closest passage every time.
Attorney-client and work-product privilege baked in. Every access logged, every download attributed. Compliance-ready for state-bar audits and SOC 2 (in progress).
Who accessed the Acme matter file in the last 30 days?
Found14 access events
By3 attorneys, 1 paralegal
Privilegeboundary intact
Citation-grounded by construction
Every output Cyrus produces — every paragraph in an opinion letter, every cell in a claim chart, every line in a §103 response — carries an inline N badge linking to the source. Nothing ungrounded ships.